14. Colorectal Cancer | USMLE Step 1 Pathology 🩺💊🔬 [Video]

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Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, arises from the malignant transformation of epithelial cells lining the colon or rectum. It typically develops from precursor lesions, such as adenomatous polyps, through a series of genetic and epigenetic alterations involving oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA mismatch repair genes. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include advanced age, family history of colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps, personal history of inflammatory bowel disease, and lifestyle factors such as high-fat diet, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking. Patients may present with symptoms such as rectal bleeding, change in bowel habits, abdominal pain, weight loss, or iron deficiency anemia. Diagnosis is established through a combination of colonoscopy with biopsy, imaging studies (such as CT scan or MRI) for staging, and laboratory tests (including carcinoembryonic antigen levels). Treatment options depend on the stage of the disease and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Screening and early detection play a crucial role in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with colorectal cancer, with modalities such as colonoscopy, fecal occult blood testing, and stool DNA testing recommended for asymptomatic individuals at average or increased risk. Patient education on lifestyle modifications, adherence to screening guidelines, and recognition of symptoms is essential for improving outcomes in colorectal cancer.

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