Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Symptoms, Causes, and Investigations [Video]

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects people with ovaries, often during their reproductive years. It is characterized by a variety of symptoms and can have significant implications for a person’s health and fertility. Here’s an overview of PCOS, including its symptoms, causes, and investigations:

### Symptoms:

1. **Irregular Menstrual Cycles:** Women with PCOS often experience irregular periods, which can manifest as infrequent, prolonged, or absent menstrual cycles.

2. **Hyperandrogenism:** Elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) can lead to symptoms such as acne, hirsutism (excessive hair growth in areas where men typically grow hair, such as the face, chest, and back), and male-pattern baldness.

3. **Polycystic Ovaries:** Despite the name, not all individuals with PCOS will have cysts on their ovaries. However, the condition is often associated with enlarged ovaries containing small follicles that may appear like cysts on ultrasound.

4. **Insulin Resistance:** Many people with PCOS also exhibit insulin resistance, which can contribute to weight gain and difficulty losing weight. Insulin resistance can also lead to elevated blood sugar levels, increasing the risk of Type 2 diabetes.

5. **Weight Gain:** PCOS is frequently associated with weight gain, and losing weight can sometimes improve symptoms.

6. **Fertility Issues:** PCOS is a common cause of infertility due to irregular ovulation or lack of ovulation.

### Causes:

The exact cause of PCOS is not well understood, but a combination of genetic and environmental factors is believed to contribute. Some key factors include:

1. **Hormonal Imbalance:** Elevated levels of androgens and insulin play a crucial role in the development of PCOS.

2. **Genetics:** There is evidence to suggest that PCOS may run in families, indicating a genetic component.

3. **Insulin Resistance:** Insulin resistance is common in people with PCOS and can contribute to the overproduction of insulin, leading to increased androgen production.

### Investigations:

1. **Medical History and Physical Examination:** A healthcare provider will typically start by taking a detailed medical history, including menstrual patterns, symptoms, and family history. A physical examination may also be conducted to check for signs of PCOS, such as hirsutism or acne.

2. **Blood Tests:** Hormone levels, including androgens and insulin, can be measured through blood tests. Elevated levels may indicate hormonal imbalances associated with PCOS.

3. **Ultrasound:** A pelvic ultrasound may be performed to examine the ovaries for the presence of cysts or enlarged follicles.

4. **Glucose Tolerance Test:** This test assesses insulin resistance and glucose metabolism, helping to identify any risk of Type 2 diabetes.

5. **Lipid Profile:** Since individuals with PCOS may be at an increased risk of cardiovascular issues, a lipid profile may be checked to assess cholesterol levels.

### Treatment:

Treatment for PCOS aims to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. It may include lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise, hormonal medications (e.g., birth control pills to regulate menstrual cycles), and medications to address insulin resistance. Fertility treatments may be considered for those trying to conceive.

It’s important for individuals with suspected PCOS to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and personalized treatment plan. Early detection and management can help prevent long-term complications associated with the condition.

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